Resumo As Defensorias Públicas (DPs) são responsáveis por prover assistência jurídica a cidadãos em situação de vulnerabilidade social e econômica. Essas organizações litigam diretamente contra o Estado para garantir a prestação de serviços públicos e evitar abusos ou desvios por parte do governo. Portanto, autonomia tende a ser relevante para que essas organizações cumpram sua missão. O trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre autonomia e desempenho nas DPs brasileiras. O trabalho testa a percepção de impacto entre autonomia e desempenho das DPs brasileiras. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa com burocratas de 27 DPs brasileiras e a análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de modelagem de equações estruturais. As variáveis observadas incluem, além de desempenho e autonomia, disponibilidade de recursos, competências e responsabilização. Os resultados indicam que a percepção nessas organizações é de que elas devem operar de forma autônoma, longe de influências políticas, para que possam desempenhar sua missão da melhor forma. As capacidades dos burocratas também são um fator relevante no desempenho dessas organizações, assim como a accountability. No entanto, não houve relação significativa entre a disponibilidade de recursos e o desempenho percebido. As contribuições deste estudo incluem a obtenção de evidências de validade empírica para mensurar os construtos autonomia, disponibilidade de recursos, capacidades e accountability e seu impacto no desempenho das DPs.

Abstract Public Defender’s Offices (PDOs) are responsible for providing legal assistance to citizens in situations of social and economic vulnerability. These organizations litigate directly against the state to guarantee the provision of public services and prevent government abuses or deviations. Therefore, these organizations require autonomy to fulfill their mission. This work analyzes the relationship between autonomy and performance in Brazilian PDOs. The work tests the perception of the impact between autonomy and performance of Brazilian PDOs. A survey was carried out with bureaucrats from 27 Brazilian PDOs, and the data was analyzed through structural equation modeling. The variables observed include, in addition to performance and autonomy, availability of resources, competencies, and accountability. The results point out a perception that PDOs must be autonomous and free from political influences to perform their mission properly. The bureaucrats’ skills and accountability were identified as relevant factors for the organizations’ performance. However, there was no significant relationship between resource availability and perceived performance. The contributions of this study include obtaining evidence of empirical validity to measure the constructs “autonomy,” “availability of resources,” “skills,” and “responsibility” and their impact on the performance of PDOs.

Resumen Las defensorías públicas (DP) se encargan de brindar asistencia jurídica a los ciudadanos en situación de vulnerabilidad social y económica. Estas organizaciones litigan directamente contra el Estado para garantizar la prestación de los servicios públicos y prevenir abusos o desviaciones por parte del Gobierno. Por lo tanto, la autonomía es relevante para que estas organizaciones cumplan su misión. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre autonomía y desempeño en las DP brasileñas. La investigación prueba la percepción del impacto entre autonomía y desempeño de las DP brasileñas. Para ello, se realizó una encuesta con burócratas de 27 DP brasileñas y posteriormente el análisis de datos a través de modelado de ecuaciones estructurales. Las variables observadas incluyen, además del desempeño y la autonomía, la disponibilidad de recursos, las competencias y la rendición de cuentas. Los resultados indican que la percepción en estas organizaciones es estas que deben operar de forma autónoma, alejadas de influencias políticas, para que puedan desempeñar su misión de la mejor manera. Las habilidades de los burócratas también son un factor relevante en el desempeño de estas organizaciones, al igual que accountability. Sin embargo, no hubo una relación significativa entre la disponibilidad de recursos y el desempeño percibido. Las contribuciones de este estudio incluyen la obtención de evidencia de validez empírica para medir los constructos autonomía, disponibilidad de recursos, habilidades y accountability y su impacto en el desempeño de las DP.

Abstract Chonetoidea corresponds to one of the most abundant superfamilies throughout the Malvinokaffric Realm (Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia, Paraguay, Antarctica, Peru and South-Central Brazil). In this paper we provided a better understanding of the diversity of this superfamily during the Devonian in southern Gondwana. For Bolivian specimens, we corroborate both the occurrence of Pleurochonetes anteloi in the Huamampampa Formation, that is, this species may have occurred at least in the Givetian, and the occurrence of Australostrophia mesembria in the Pragian-Emsian of Bolivia. We further identify both Aseptonetes isaacsoni in the Icla/Gamoneda Formation, which represents the oldest occurrence of this species, and Chonostrophia truyolsae in the Belén Formation/Bolivian Altiplano, thereby expanding its geographical distribution. We also provide the first description and illustration of a specimen of Chonetoidea from Antarctica and record the first occurrence of Australostrophia mesembria, Devonochonetinae indet. and Eodevonaria sp. in the Cabanillas Formation of Peru. Because A. mesembria is a typical Malvinokaffric species, this corroborates the extension of this realm into southern Peru.

ABSTRACT: Phosphorus (P) fixation in the soil reduces the utilization of this element by plants and can be one of the main problems for fertilization management in soils containing Fe oxides. As a strategy to minimize the effects of P retention, organic materials, such as biochar or commercial composts, may be useful tools to maintain P availability and delay immobilization of this element in the soil, thereby benefiting, for example, the rehabilitation of areas impacted by Fe mining. The objective of this study was to evaluate the kinetics of P sorption and desorption and the hysteresis index in red mining waste from Fe mining subjected to açaí biochar and commercial compost amendments. Therefore, a substrate collected from Fe mining waste piles in the Carajás Mineral Province was incubated for 30 days with açaí biochar, commercial compost, and açaí biochar + commercial compost at a ratio of 90 % mining waste and 10 % organic amendment (w/w). The P sorption and desorption kinetics were evaluated in a solution containing 10 mg L−1 P at times from 0.5 to 48 h; the data were modeled according to a pseudo-first-order equation considering two types of reaction sites, and the hysteresis index was obtained by the difference between the sorption and desorption isotherms. Treatment of the mining substrate with açaí biochar reduced P sorption, while P desorption was increased by up to 60 % by applying biochar and/or commercial compost. Açaí biochar also reduced the hysteresis of P sorption from 78 to 54.8 %, in addition to slowing P fixation in this substrate. Thus, this study showed that açaí biochar and commercial compost may maximize the benefits of phosphate fertilization during the rehabilitation of areas impacted by Fe mining. However, as these composts can cause different effects on P dynamics in mining waste, their effects on other elements, such as micronutrients, whose availability may be affected, are important to be evaluated.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to define management zones (MZs) for fertirrigated açaí cultivation, based on spatial variability of the foliar nutrients and productivity data. The work was carried out in an area of 5.75 ha of a 7-year crop, with 80 georeferenced sample points. Fresh fruit productivity and nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) contents were determined. The average contents of macronutrients were considered adequate for adult açaí plants, and their spatial dependence associated with fruit productivity allowed the representation of their distributions through maps of variability. Through multivariate analysis, three main components were highlighted. These components explained 51.5 % of the total variability of the data, where PC1 showed a higher correlation with Ca, Mg, K, and P. In addition, three MZs were obtained, out of which one with the highest productivity showed the best Ca, Mg, S, B, and Fe leaf contents. Principal component analysis and determination of MZs emphasized Ca and Mg nutrition as being more related to spatial variability and açaí fruit productivity.

ABSTRACT Due to the large extent of degraded areas in the Amazon, the use of conservation systems is very important to contain the advance of the agricultural frontier, and may favor the availability of nutrients such as phosphorus (P). This study evaluated effect of tillage systems on and cover plants distribution of organic P fractions (Po) in oxisol under soybean and grasses in crop successions. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replicates and five treatments: (i) conventional tillage (CT) with annual soil tillage; (ii) no-till (NT) in succession with Urochloa ruziziensis (NT1); (iii) NT in succession with U. brizantha (NT2); (iv) NT in succession with Panicum maximum (NT3); and (v) a control consisting of a fragment of native vegetation (NV). The Po fractions were quantified at depths of 0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 cm, before and after soybean cultivation and the P fractions were analyzed. The samples at a depth 0-5 and 5-10 cm had increased levels of biomass P in the NT1 and NT2. In addition, at depths of 0-5 and 5-10 cm, the treatments in no-tillage systems accumulated the most of the Po labile fractions. These results showed that conservation systems tend to accumulate most of the P fractions in soil through decomposition of organic residues. Thus, no-tillage system was shown to be important for Po supply, where the use of U. brizantha ‘Piatã’ (NT2) favored higher levels of organic P in labile and moderately labile fractions in soil, which was considered the best alternative for Po supply among the species tested.

Resumo Por conta do aumento da demanda nacional e internacional, o cultivo do açaizeiro (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) tem-se expandido para áreas de terra firme no Brasil. Muitas destas áreas apresentam baixa fertilidade do solo, onde o boro (B) é um dos nutrientes mais limitantes. O objetivo foi avaliar a produtividade de frutos frescos de açaizeiros submetidos a doses de B em plantio fertirrigado, no município de Tomé-Açu, nordeste paraense, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos: controle e adição de 20; 40 e 60 g touceira-1 de B. Após 17 meses, foram coletados os cachos de frutos frescos e a estimada produção por hectare. Foi realizada uma análise econômica considerando os custos de adubação e a produção de frutos. As produtividades obtidas nos tratamentos estão acima da média do município de Tomé-Açu. O teor estimado de B foliar, que proporcionou a maior produtividade, foi igual a 14,9 mg kg-1, para uma produtividade de 5.479 kg ha-1 ano-1¸ enquanto o teor crítico correspondeu a 13,2 mg kg-1. A maior produtividade de frutos frescos de açaí foi atingida com a dose de 20 g touceira-1 de B, a qual proporcionou ganho líquido de 42%.

Abstract Due to the increasing national and international demand, the cultivation of açaí palm trees (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) has expanded to upland areas in Brazil. Most of these areas present low natural soil fertility, in which boron (B) is one of the most limiting nutrients. This study aimed to evaluate the productivity of fresh fruits of fertigated açaí trees submitted to doses of B. The study was carried out in Tomé-Açu, northeastern Pará, Brazil. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with four treatments: control and addition of 20, 40 and 60 g of B clump-1. After 17 months, bunches of fresh fruits were collected and the production per hectare was estimated. An economic analysis was carried out considering the costs of fertilization and fruit production. The productivities obtained in the treatments were considered above the average of the municipality of Tomé-Açu. The estimated content of leaf B that provided the highest productivity was 14.9 mg kg-1, for a yield of 5479 kg ha-1 year-1¸ while the critical content corresponded to 13.2 mg kg-1. The highest productivity of fresh açaí fruits was achieved with the dose of 20 g of B clump-1, which provided a net gain of 42%.

Resumo Neste artigo são analisadas as múltiplas dimensões da atuação dos burocratas de nível de rua no contexto brasileiro da implementação de políticas públicas. O objetivo do ensaio é contribuir para uma maior compreensão do tema com uma abordagem analítica expandida. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica em bases digitais acadêmicas que permitiu identificar e selecionar trabalhos nacionais e internacionais de acordo com critérios metodologicamente definidos. As publicações obtidas foram analisadas e organizadas em razão das seguintes categorias conceituais: discricionariedade, estruturas, ação individual e relações. Da tensão sobre regras e discricionariedade na administração pública, a análise e a interpretação desses textos evidenciaram: a) a necessidade de cotejar, separadamente e em conjunto, três diferentes perspectivas da atuação dos burocratas de nível de rua (a perspectiva estrutural, a de ação individual e a relacional); b) a necessidade de compreender a articulação dessas perspectivas no próprio processo de implementação. Após este trabalho de revisão bibliográfica foram formuladas hipóteses para uma análise expandida da atuação dos burocratas implementadores, traçando-se linhas para pesquisas futuras sobre o tema. Este ensaio contribui para o debate sobre o tema com um construto teórico inédito, que busca integrar as três diferentes perspectivas analíticas apresentadas numa síntese dialética dos conceitos centrais da literatura sobre a implementação de políticas públicas pelos burocratas de nível de rua.

Abstract This article analyzes the multiple dimensions of street-level bureaucrats’ action in the implementation of public policies in the Brazilian context. The study aims to contribute to understand the subject with an expanded analytical approach. Bibliographic research was carried out in academic digital databases, identifying and selecting national and international works, according to methodologically defined criteria. The publications were analyzed and organized according to the following conceptual categories: discretion, structures, individual action, and relations. From the tension regarding rules and discretion in public administration, the analysis and interpretation of these works showed: a) the need to compare, separately and jointly, three different perspectives of street-level bureaucrats’ action (structural, individual action and relational perspectives); b) the need to understand the relationship of these perspectives in the implementation process itself. After the bibliographic review, hypotheses were formulated for an expanded analysis of the policy implementers’ action, suggesting lines for future research on the subject. This article contributes to the debate on the subject with an unprecedented theoretical construct that seeks to integrate the three different analytical perspectives presented in a dialectical synthesis of the central concepts of the literature on street-level bureaucrats’ implementation of public policies.

Resumen Este artículo analiza las múltiples dimensiones de la actuación de los burócratas de la calle en el contexto brasileño de la implementación de políticas públicas. El objetivo del ensayo es contribuir a una mejor comprensión del tema con un enfoque analítico ampliado. Para ello, se realizó una investigación bibliográfica en bases digitales académicas que permitió identificar y seleccionar trabajos nacionales e internacionales, de acuerdo con criterios metodológicamente definidos. Las publicaciones obtenidas fueron analizadas y organizadas de acuerdo con las siguientes categorías conceptuales: discrecionalidad, estructuras, acción individual y relaciones. A partir de la tensión sobre las reglas y la discrecionalidad en la administración pública, el análisis y la interpretación de estos textos evidenciaron: a) la necesidad de cotejar, separadamente y en conjunto, tres diferentes perspectivas de la actuación de los burócratas de la calle (la perspectiva estructural, la de acción individual y la relacional); b) la necesidad de comprender la articulación de esas perspectivas en el propio proceso de implementación. Después de este trabajo de revisión bibliográfica, se formularon hipótesis para un análisis ampliado de la actuación de los burócratas implementadores, trazando líneas para futuras investigaciones sobre el tema. Este ensayo contribuye al debate sobre el tema con un constructo teórico sin precedentes, que busca integrar las tres diferentes perspectivas analíticas presentadas en una síntesis dialéctica de los conceptos centrales de la literatura sobre la implementación de políticas públicas por los burócratas de la calle.

O nematoide das lesões radiculares (Pratylenchus brachyurus) é considerado um dos principais patógenos da cultura da soja do cerrado brasileiro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de diferentes espécies de fungos no manejo de P. brachyurus na soja. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (4 x 4 + 2), constituído por quatro espécies de fungos: Beauveria bassiana, Trichoderma harzianum, Metarhizium anisopliae e Paecilomyces lilacinus, com quatro formas de aplicação (na semente, no sulco, semente + sulco e cobertura) e duas testemunhas adicionais (água e nematicida), com cinco repetições. Plantas de soja cv. Soy Tech 820 RR foram inoculadas com 50000 ovos e juvenis de segundo estádio (J2) de P. brachyurus. Após 60 dias da aplicação dos tratamentos, foram realizadas avaliações de parasitismo e características agronômicas na soja. Os fungos empregados no controle, influenciaram positivamente em quase todas as características vegetativas das plantas, promovidas pela redução acentuada do número de juvenis na raiz e no solo e, principalmente, pela diminuição no número de ovos nas raízes. A forma de aplicação não influenciou diretamente a ação dos agentes de biocontrole, e todos os microrganismos se comportaram de maneira protetora, inviabilizando ou retardando o parasitismo dos nematoides sobre as raízes das plantas.

The root-lesion-nematode, Pratylenchus brachyurus, is considered one of the main pathogens of soybean crop in the Brazilian Cerrado. The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of different fungi species in the management of P. brachyurus in soybean. A completely randomized design, in a factorial scheme (4 x 4 + 2), consisting of four species of fungi: Beauveria bassiana, Trichoderma harzianum, Metarhizium anisopliae and Paecilomyces lilacinus, with four forms of application (in seed, furrow, seed + furrow and cover) and two additional controls (water and nematicide), with five replicates was used. Soybean plants cv. Soy Tech 820 RR were inoculated with 50000 eggs and second stage juveniles (J2) of P. brachyurus. After 60 days of application of the treatments, parasitism and agronomic evaluations were performed on soybean. The fungi used in the control, influenced positively in almost all the vegetative characteristics of the plants, promoted by the marked reduction of the number of juveniles in the root and in the soil and, mainly, by the decrease in the number of eggs in the roots. The forms of application did not directly influence the action of the biocontrol agents and all microorganisms behaved in a protective way, making it impossible or slowing the nematodes parasitism on the roots of the plants.

Resumo Introdução: A incapacidade funcional é comum em pacientes com doença renal crônica, especialmente naqueles em hemodiálise. A força muscular pode ser avaliada pelo dinamômetro, porém não localizamos na literatura estudo dessa técnica em quadríceps de pacientes em hemodiálise. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos do treinamento com o cicloergômetro na força muscular do quadríceps de pacientes com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise. Método: Este estudo foi prospectivo e randomizado com inclusão de 46 pacientes, acima de 18 anos, de ambos os gêneros que realizavam hemodiálise há mais de seis meses e assinassem o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Os pacientes foram alocados em dois grupos: intervenção (n = 22) e controle (n = 20). O grupo de intervenção realizou dois meses de treinamento intradialítico de um protocolo fisioterápico com o cicloergômetro, já o grupo controle foi somente reavaliado após dois meses da avaliação inicial. Todos foram avaliados quanto a dados demográficos e força muscular do quadríceps no início e no fim do estudo por dinamometria com padronização da técnica, e uso de cinto rígido e ventosas. Resultados: Houve aumento significante da força muscular de quadríceps em membro inferior direito e esquerdo no grupo intervenção quando comparado ao controle. Conclusão: Houve melhora da força muscular após o treinamento realizado com o cicloergômetro na força muscular do quadríceps de pacientes com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise.

Abstract Introduction: Functional disability is common in patients with chronic kidney disease, especially in those on hemodialysis. Muscle strength can be evaluated by a dynamometer; however, no study using this technique on the quadriceps of patients undergoing hemodialysis was found in literature. Objective: To assess the effects of cycloergometer training on the quadriceps muscle strength of patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis. Method: This was a clinical trial including 46 patients, both men and women, over 18 years old who had been undergoing hemodialysis for more than six months and signed an informed consent form. Patients were allocated into two groups: intervention group (n = 22) and control group (n = 20). The intervention group underwent intradialytic training in a physical therapy protocol with the cycloergometer for two months, whereas the control group, in turn, was only reevaluated two months after the initial evaluation. All patients were assessed for demographic data at baseline and, two months later for quadriceps muscle strength by standardized dynamometry and with the use of a rigid belt and suction cups. Results: A significant increase was detected in quadriceps muscle strength in the right and left lower limbs in the intervention group when compared with the control group. Conclusion: Quadriceps muscle strength improved after patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis underwent training with the cycloergometer.

Resumen Introducción: La discapacidad funcional es común en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica, especialmente aquellos en hemodiálisis. La fuerza muscular se puede evaluar por medio del dinamómetro, pero no hemos encontrado en la literatura un estudio con esta técnica en cuádriceps de pacientes en hemodiálisis. Objetivo: Analizar los efectos del entrenamiento con cicloergómetro sobre la fuerza muscular del cuádriceps de pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica sometidos a hemodiálisis. Método: Se trata de un estudio prospectivo y aleatorizado, en el que incluyó a 46 pacientes, mayores de 18 años, de ambos sexos, que realizaban hemodiálisis durante más de seis meses, y que firmaron el formulario de consentimiento informado. Los pacientes fueron asignados en dos grupos: intervención (n = 22) y control (n = 20). El grupo intervención realizó dos meses de entrenamiento intradialítico de un protocolo de fisioterapia con el cicloergómetro, mientras que el grupo control fue reevaluado solamente tras dos meses de la evaluación inicial. Todos fueron evaluados en cuanto a los datos demográficos y la fuerza muscular del cuádriceps al principio y al final del estudio por medio de la dinamometría con estandarización de la técnica, y el uso de correas rígidas y ventosas. Resultados: Hubo un aumento significativo en la fuerza muscular del cuádriceps en las extremidades inferiores derecha e izquierda en el grupo intervención en comparación con el grupo control. Conclusión: Se observó la mejora de la fuerza muscular tras el entrenamiento con cicloergómetro en la fuerza muscular del cuádriceps de pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en hemodiálisis.

Na busca de alternativas para o controle de fitonematoides, vem sendo estudado o efeito nematicida de metabolitos secundários ou resíduos vegetais. Dessa forma, a manipueira, resíduo líquido da industrialização da mandioca (Manihot esculenta), tem como composição glicosídeos cianogênicos com propriedades antimicrobianas. Objetivou-se avaliar o potencial da manipueira aplicada no solo, visando o controle de Meloidogyne javanica na cultura da soja. A manipueira foi aplicada nas concentrações de 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 e 100%. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 11 × 2 (concentrações de manipueira × formas de aplicação - única e parcelada), com cinco repetições. As plantas de soja foram inoculadas com 3000 ovos e J2 de M. javanica por vaso. Sessenta dias após a primeira aplicação da manipueira, foram avaliadas características agronômicas e de parasitismo. A aplicação única da manipueira promoveu maior crescimento e desenvolvimento radicular, bem como redução do número de ovos e J2 na raiz e do fator de reprodução de M. javanica, para todas as concentrações. A aplicação parcelada teve maior efeito na redução do número de galhas e massas de ovos. As concentrações letais de manipueira para 50% da população de nematoides no solo e na raiz foram de 37,90% e 29,67%, respetivamente.

Searching alternatives for the control of plant parasitic nematodes, nematicide effect of secondary metabolites or plant residues has been studied. Thus, the manipueira, a liquid residue obtained from the industrialization of cassava (Manihot esculenta), has as its composition cyanogenic glycosides with antimicrobial properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of the manipueira applied to the soil, aiming at the control of Meloidogyne javanica in the soybean crop. The manipueira was applied at the concentrations of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100%. The experimental design was completely randomized, in an 11 × 2 factorial arrangement (concentrations of manipueira × forms of application - single and fractionated), with five replicates. Soybean plants were inoculated with 3000 eggs and J2 of M. javanica per pot. Sixty days after the first application of the manipueira, agronomic characteristics and parasitism were evaluated. The single application of the manipueira promoted greater growth and root development, as well as a reduction in the number of eggs and juveniles in the roots and in the reproduction factor of M. javanica, for all concentrations. The split application had more effect on reducing the number of galls and egg mass. The lethal manure concentrations for 50% of the soil and root nematode populations were 37.90% and 29.67%, respectively.

RESUMO O feijão-fava é uma das leguminosas mais apreciadas na região Nordeste, exercendo forte influência socioeconômica sobre as comunidades dessa região. No entanto, a baixa produtividade relacionada a fatores bióticos e abióticos limita o aumento da produção. Dentre os agentes biológicos, os nematoides de galhas comprometem seu desenvolvimento vegetativo e produtivo. Com o objetivo de selecionar genótipos resistentes a Meloidogyne javanica, conduziu-se experimento em casa-de-vegetação e em laboratório, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 15 acessos de feijão-fava e cinco repetições. Avaliou-se a reação dos acessos de feijão-fava por meio da infectividade e da reprodução de M. javanica, bem como as principais características agronômicas da cultura. Houve variação no nível de resistência entre os acessos avaliados, sendo que Lavandeira preta, Orelha de vó e Fava cearense foram considerados muito resistentes, enquanto Lavandeira vermelha mostrou-se levemente resistente e os demais foram suscetíveis.

ABSTRACT Lima bean is one of the most popular leguminous plants in northeastern Brazil, with a strong socioeconomic influence on the regional communities. However, the low yield related to biotic and abiotic factors limits the increase in production. Among the biological agents, root-knot nematodes compromise its vegetative and productive development. In order to select genotypes resistant to Meloidogyne javanica, an experiment was carried out in a greenhouse and in a laboratory, in a completely randomized design, with fifteen lima bean accessions and five replicates. The reaction of lima bean accessions was evaluated through the infectivity and reproduction of M. javanica, as well as the main agronomic traits of the crop. A variation was observed in the resistance level among the accessions, with Lavandeira preta, Orelha de vó and Fava cearense being rated as very resistant, while Lavandeira vermelha was slightly resistant and the remaining accessions were all rated as susceptible.

ABSTRACT Discovered in 1980 and unleashed an utter gold rush of the modern era, Serra Pelada was the largest open-air mine in Brazil. About 80,000 gold prospectors worked there until 1984, when the gold pits were flooded. The environmental impact caused by mining inflicted irreversible damage to the ecosystem, with the formation of a large lake and piles of waste rock and sterile overburden, still evident 28 years after the mine was closed. This study aimed to evaluate the available and pseudo total contents of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), the contamination and pollution levels, and to understand how the biological soil factors are related to the chemical properties of the soil and the available PTE contents in the Serra Pelada - Amazônia, Brazil. Soil was collected from seven areas around the lake: Area 1 - margin of the mine without waste and/or sterile deposits; Area 2 - margin with waste and/or sterile deposits; Area 3 - area with sterile deposit; Area 4 - mine tailings, denominated curimã by the prospectors, from which gold had been extracted; Area 5 - sediment dredged from the lake in the mine pit; Area 6 - area with agroforestry system; Area 7 - riparian forest, unaffected by the artisanal gold extraction process (control treatment). Apart from selenium (Se), all evaluated elements, in at least one of the studied areas, exceeded the contents of the investigation values (defined as the content of a given substance in soil or groundwater above which the human health is under potential direct or indirect risks, considering a standardized exposure scenario) in agricultural areas in Brazil, as determined by the National Council of the Environment. Soil enrichment and contamination with Co, Ba, Mn, and Hg were investigated. Principal component analysis showed that the available levels of PTEs influenced the soil biological properties, in particular basal respiration, indicating that important ecosystem processes are being affected by PTE contamination.

A exploração mineral é uma das principais fontes de contaminação dos solos por elementos potencialmente tóxicos (EPTs). O objetivo foi avaliar os teores totais e disponíveis de boro (B) estrôncio (Sr) e vanádio (V) em solos de Serra Pelada e inferir sobre a contaminação por estes elementos. Os teores totais e disponíveis foram extraídos com água régia e ácido clorídrico, respectivamente. A determinação foi feita por espectrometria de emissão ótica com plasma acoplado indutivamente. Foram calculados o fator de contaminação (FC), fator de enriquecimento (FE) e o índice de carga poluente (ICP). Os teores totais e disponíveis encontrados são altos, o que foi atribuído principalmente ao material de origem. O V foi o elemento com maior FE (7,8), o que mostra que a ação antrópica a partir das atividades de garimpagem causou o enriquecimento das áreas com este elemento. O FC também foi maior para V, chegando a 3,40 no sedimento retirado da mina. O elevado FE indica que houve enriquecimento por EPTs nos solos de Serra Pelada devido as atividades antropogênicas. A partir dos valores do FC e do ICP infere-se que houve contaminação dessas áreas, o que pode representar risco ao ecossistema circundante e a população que habita a região.

Mineral exploration is one of the main sources of soil contamination by potentially toxic elements. The objective was to evaluate the total and available levels of boron (B), strontium (Sr), and vanadium (V) in soils of Serra Pelada and infer if these soils were contaminated by these elements. The total contents were extracted with h aqua regia in digester block, the content availability were extracted with 0.5 mol L-1 hydrochloric acid, the determination was made by optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP OES). The contamination factor (FC), enrichment factor (EF) and the pollutant load index (PLI) were calculated. OV was the element with the highest EF 7.8, which showed that human action from the mining activities caused the enrichment with this element in the area. The FC was also higher for V, reaching 3.40 in sediment removed from the mine. On average the index pollution load (PLI) showed that there was contamination in the area by metals. The FC and the PLI showed that there was contamination of these areas by the studied elements, which may represent a risk to the surrounding ecosystem and the population inhabiting the region.

ABSTRACT The oil palm crop has expanded significantly in the state of Pará, which has not been followed in a proportional manner by studies aiming at increasing yield through plant nutrition. The objective of this study was to evaluate general and specific norms of the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) for genetic materials of oil palm (African and interspecific hybrid) at two ages (young and adult plants) and evaluate possible deficiencies in fertilization and soil correction practices. The DRIS norms were composed of means, standard deviations, and coefficients of variation of bivariate, specific, and general relationships among nutrients of 144 leaf samples. The DRIS norms specific for genetic material did not differ from the general norms; however, a large number of differences were found between specific bivariate relationships for age groups, among themselves, and in relation to the general norms. The regression analysis between the nutritional balance index and yield were better explained when age groups were discriminated. In the young plants, the number of cases of stands with deficiencies followed the order Ca > Fe > B > S > Mn > K > Mg = Cu > Zn > N > P; and for adults, this order was Ca > Mn > Zn > Fe > S = B > N = Cu > K > Mg > P. The DRIS norms can be utilized in diagnostics regardless of genetic material; however, they must be specified for the age of the plant. Most of the stands showed deficiency in Ca and micronutrients, coinciding with the least used nutrients in oil palm crops in the state of Pará, as well as emphasizing the need for soil liming.

RESUMO A manipueira, resíduo líquido da industrialização da mandioca, apresenta alta toxicidade à diversidade microbiana. Objetivou-se avaliar o potencial de manipueira aplicada ao solo, visando ao controle de Meloidogyne incognita na cultura da soja. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 11, constituído por duas formas de aplicação de manipueira (única e dividida em duas), em onze concentrações (0 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 %, 50 %, 60 %, 70 %, 80 %, 90 % e 100%), com cinco repetições por tratamento. Algumas variáveis agronômicas e características do parasitismo também foram avaliadas. As plantas que receberam aplicação única de manipueira apresentaram ganho no comprimento radicular de 100,41 %, enquanto o volume e a massa fresca do sistema radicular apresentaram ganhos de 81,52 % e 28,11 %, respectivamente, com a aplicação dividida. Quanto ao parasitismo, a aplicação única foi mais eficiente na redução do número de juvenis no solo e na raiz, onde as concentrações de manipueira para matar 50 % dos nematoides foram de 1,65 % e 4,37 %, respectivamente. Assim, a manipueira, além de ser eficiente no controle de M. incognita, influencia de forma positiva no desenvolvimento da cultura da soja, podendo ser recomendada como nematicida e, também, como adubo orgânico.

ABSTRACT Manipueira, a liquid residue obtained from the cassava industrialization, shows high toxicity to the microbial diversity. This study aimed at evaluating the potential of manipueira applied to the soil to control Meloidogyne incognita in soybean. A completely randomized design, in a 2 x 11 factorial scheme, was used, consisting of two application forms of manipueira (single and two applications), in eleven concentrations (0 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 %, 50 %, 60 %, 70 %, 80 %, 90 % and 100 %), with five replications per treatment. Some agronomic traits and parasitism characteristics were also evaluated. The plants that received a single application of manipueira showed a gain of 100.41 % in root length, while the volume and fresh root mass showed gains of 81.52 % and 28.11 %, respectively, with the two applications. Regarding parasitism, the single application was more effective in reducing the number of juveniles in the soil and roots, where the concentrations of manipueira to kill 50 % of the nematodes were 1.65 % and 4.37 %, respectively. Thus, besides being effective in controlling M. incognita, manipueira has a positive effect on the development of soybean and may be recommended as a nematicide and also as an organic fertilizer.